Why cat litter smells (and why most litters don't fix it)
The biggest culprit is ammonia: a gas released when bacteria break down the urea in your cat's urine. Most litters try to manage this by clumping waste together or absorbing moisture, but that just contains the problem. The ammonia keeps building inside the clump, and eventually it turns into a gas. That's the smell you know.
Silica crystals absorb moisture but don't address the biology. Scented litters mask the smell temporarily. None of them solve the underlying issue.